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Important note on use

These calculators are not a replacement for full EN / ISO compliant design calculations, certified structural analysis, or third-party verification where required. They are provided as first-pass checks, comparative tools, and engineering aids — particularly useful when:

• validating whether a concept is broadly feasible

• identifying likely governing failure modes

• comparing alternative sizes, layouts, or materials

• catching obvious under- or over-design early

Final design decisions must always be confirmed using the appropriate standards, safety factors, load cases, and project-specific requirements